this study aimed to investigate the development of formal operations from adolescence through adulthood. The sample consisted of 345 participants in four age groups (15-18 years-old: n=108; 19-29 years-old: n=104; 30-45 years-old: n=44; 46 years-old and elder: n=51). All groups were selected using random sampling. The first group was selected from high schools and the other groups were selected based on municipal areas of Isfahan. The study design was causal-comparative. The participants completed the Logical Reasoning Test (LRT; Burney, 1974). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and chi square methods. The results indicated that there were no significant group effects on LRT. The pairwise comparisons were significant between total scores of 15-18 years-old and 19-29 year-olds. The age groups didn’t have significant differences in terms of frequencies of individuals who were in the concrete, transitional, and formal operations stages. The developmental trend of formal operations remained constant after adolescence. The findings were discussed based on Piaget and Neo-Piagetian cognitive developmental theories.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has significantly advanced the capabilities of these aerial platforms, particularly in enhancing situation awareness. This paper presents a comprehensive survey and review of AI-driven techniques to improve situation awareness for UAVs. We begin by defining situation awareness and its essential components—perception, comprehension, and projection—within the context of UAV operations. We then explore various AI methodologies, including machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, natural language processing, and data fusion, employed to augment UAVs' abilities to perceive and interpret their environment. The paper examines diverse AI-enhanced UAV situation awareness applications across military, civilian, and commercial domains. Critical applications include advanced surveillance, target acquisition, search and rescue missions, environmental monitoring, traffic and crowd monitoring, infrastructure inspection, and delivery services. We also discuss the technical and operational challenges of implementing AI in UAVs, such as data quality, real-time processing, environmental impacts, and scalability. Ethical and legal considerations are also addressed, including privacy concerns and regulatory issues. In addition to a thorough review of current literature, we provide detailed case studies highlighting successful AI implementations in UAVs, offering practical insights and lessons learned. We identify emerging technologies and future research opportunities that have the potential to advance the field further, such as innovations in sensor technology and AI algorithms. Our findings underscore the transformative potential of AI in enhancing the situational awareness of UAVs, paving the way for more intelligent, autonomous, and effective aerial systems. This survey is a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in understanding and leveraging the intersection of AI and UAV technology for various applications.

Introduction: Due to the sensitivity and applications of combat operations Rapl requires courage, boldness and confidence and anxiety levels of concentration, attention, thinking, reduces people's control and decision making. This study investigated the effect of cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety during the procedure is Rapl.Method: The study was conducted in an experimental way. For this purpose, the number 39 that had high pre-test anxiety, were selected and randomly assigned in two groups. The experimental group received 6 sessions of cognitive therapy training. For traces of anxiety, of SCAT, for the anxiety, the CSAI-2, was used.Results: The mean difference between pretest and test-related anxiety and state anxiety was significant in veins. The differences between experimental and control groups in the vein of anxiety and anxiety are significant. The differences between experimental and control groups in physical and cognitive state anxiety and selfesteem was significant.Discussion: The positive effects of cognitive therapy in reducing anxiety veins, anxiety, cognitive anxiety and somatic state anxiety and increase confidence while the state has Rapl experimental groups.

The "Islamic State" group, known as ISIS, in the crisis situation of Syria and Iraq, by adopting a discourse different from other Salafist-Jihadist currents and groups and by claiming the formation of an Islamic caliphate in the areas under its control, expanded rapidly and was able to establish a quasi-state structure in this Create zones. ISIS changed its discourse from an identity discourse to a geopolitical discourse by choosing the "Caliphate" as its central sign. The repeated defeats of ISIS and the liberation of the two cities of Mosul and Raqqa from the control of ISIS in late 2017 disturbed the discourse of this organization, which was based on the occupation of the land. In the situation that ISIS's life as a quasi-state organization has ended, this article was written to answer the question, "What is the security threat of ISIS's developmentist discourse?" In order to answer the research question, using the content analysis method, this hypothesis has been investigated that "the center of gravity of the power of ISIS is the discourse of this group. For this reason, in order to maintain this center of gravity of power, ISIS has made changes in it according to the conditions and requirements of time and place. The findings of the article, while confirming the research hypothesis, show that ISIS, while being loyal to the central signifier and the floating signifiers of the previous discourse, has added new floating signifiers to its discourse and presented a new articulation of the signifiers.

Sluggish cognitive Tempo is used to describe a particular type of attention deficit, concentration, and slowness in information processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sluggish cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) of the parent form among Iranian children. The present study is a descriptive study. A sample of 1700 people was selected from the provinces of Tehran, East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Fars and Khorasan using cluster sampling method. 122 subjects were excluded from statistical analysis due to incomplete answers to the questionnaires and thus the final sample was reduced to 1578 parents. The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the Sluggish cognitive Tempo Scale factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the Sluggish cognitive Tempo Scale, we computed correlations between different dimensions of Sluggish cognitive Tempo Scale with Attention Deficit Subscale of Mental Health Assessment Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. The results of statistical results showed that this scale has structural validity, criterion and convergence in Iranian society. The results indicate that the scale is three factors and also the validity of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method and retest test after Approved two weeks. According to the findings of the present study, the parent form of the Sluggish cognitive Tempo Scale (SCTS) has a good validity and reliability and it can be used in research related to slow cognitive multiplication in Iranian society.

We address the throughput maximization problem for downlink transmission in DF-relay-assisted cognitive radio networks (CRNs) based on simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) capability. In this envisioned network, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) relay and secondary user (SU) equipment are designed to handle both radio frequency (RF) signal energy harvesting and SWIPT functional tasks. Additionally, the cognitive base station (CBS) communicates with the SU only via the MIMO relay. Based on the considered network model, several combined constraints of the main problem complicate the solution. Therefore, in this paper, we apply heuristic guidelines within the convex optimization framework to handle this complexity. First, consider the problem of maximizing throughput on both sides of the relay separately. Second, each side progresses to solve the complex problem optimally by adopting strategies for solving sub-problems. Finally, these optimal solutions are synthesized by proposing a heuristic iterative power allocation algorithm that satisfies the combinatorial constraints with short convergence times. The performance of the optimal proposed algorithm (OPA) is evaluated against benchmark algorithms via numerical results on optimality, convergence time, constraints’ compliance, and imperfect channel state information (CSI) on the CBS-PU link.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the validity, reliability and factor structure of the "How I Think" questionnaire to assess cognitive distortions in Iranian students. The present research design is descriptive and psychometric studies. The statistical population of this study included all male high school students in city Dezful in the academic year 1399-1400, from which 316 students were selected by multi-stage random sampling and completed the How I think and Bass and Perry Aggression Questionnaires (for Convergent validity). Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data using SPSS and AMOS 20 software. The results of factor analysis showed that the questionnaire consists of six factors and has good fit indices. The convergent validity of this questionnaire indicated a satisfactory correlation between the dimensions of the scale "How I think" with the Aggression Questionnaire (p <0.01). Cronbach's alpha and Split- half coefficients for the whole scale and its dimensions ranged from 0.66 to 0.92.The conclusion is that the Persian version of the "How do I think" questionnaire for measuring cognitive distortions in Iranian students has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in research, educational and clinical situations.